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Larsen Washington University in s t | [
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Ensley WiLfrid La Urier Universitysecond Canadian edition indd 1 PMPersonality Domains of Knowle Dge about human na ture s econd c anadian e dition Copyright 2020 2017 by Ryerson Limited | [
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No part of this publication may be reproduced or tr ansmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a data base or retrieval system without the prior writ ten permission of Ryerson Limited or in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying a license from The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency | [
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For an Access Copyright license visit www accesscopyright ca or call toll free to The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication | [
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The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or Ryerson and Ryerson does not guarantee the accuracy of information presented at these sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | [
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M 23 22 21 20 Print ed and bound in Canada Care has been taken to trace ownership of copyright material contained in this however the publisher will welcome any information that enables them to rectify any reference or credit for subsequent editions Product Rhondda McNabb Portfolio Alex CampbellMarketing Patti RozakosContent Melissa HudsonPortfolio Tatiana SevciucSenior Supervising Jessica Marnie LambCopy Margaret HendersonPlant Production Heitor MouraManufacturing Production Jason StubnerCover Lightbox Visual Communications Inc Interior Liz HarasymczukCover Panther Media MPS Marquis indd 2 PMiiidedication to tommy and ana rL to my father and first personality teacher arnold h | [
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Buss dB to Chris whose personality is the best part of my and to atticus and London whose spirits are greatly missed dK to my husband henry my best friend and greatest supporter Ce indd 3 PMivBrief Contents introduction 1 introduction to Personality Psychology 1 2 | [
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Personality assessment measurement and r esearch design 21 Part i the dispositional domain 3 traits and trait taxonomies 55 4 theoretical and measurement issues in trait Psychology 88 5 | [
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Personality dispositions over stability Coherence and Change 123 Part ii the Biological domain 6 genetics and Personality 158 7 | [
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Physiological approaches to Personality 189 8 evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 227 Part iii the intrapsychic domain 9 | [
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Psychoanalytic approaches to Personality 263 10 | [
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Psychoanalytic Contemporary issues 300 11 motives and Personality 331 Part iv the domain 12 | [
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Cognitive topics in Personality 371 13 emotion and Personality 402 14 approaches to the self 438 Part v the social and Cultural domain 15 | [
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Personality and social interaction 470 16 sex gender and Personality 500 17 | [
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Culture and Personality 534 Part vi the a djustment domain 18 stress Coping a djustment and health 568 19 disorders of Personality 602 Conclusion 20 summary and future directions 644 indd 4 PMvContents About the Authors xi Preface xiii introduction Chapter 1 introduction to Personality Psychology 1 Personality defined 3 Personality is the set of Psychological traits 3 and mechanisms 4 Within the individual 5 that are organized and r elatively enduring 5 and that influence 6 the interactions with 6 and a daptations to 7 the environment 7 three Levels of Personality analysis 9 human n ature 9 individual and group differences 9 individual Uniqueness 10 a fissure in the field 11 grand theories of Personality 11 Contemporary r esearch in Personality 11 six domains of Knowledge about human nature 12 dispositional domain 13 Biological domain 14 intrapsychic domain 14 domain 15 social and Cultural domain 15 adjustment domain 16 the r ole of Personality theory 17 standards for e valuating Personality theories 18 is there a grand Ultimate and true theory of 19 Key terms 20 Chapter 2 Personality assessment measurement and research design 21 sources of Personality data 22 eport data eport data 26 test data 28 outcome data 33 issues in Personality assessment 35 evaluation of Personality measures 36 reliability 36 validity 41 generalizability 42 research designs in Personality 43 experimental methods 43 Correlational studies 46 Case studies 49 When to Use experimental Correlational and Case study designs 51 summary and e valuation 52 Key terms 53 Part i the dispositional domain Chapter 3 traits and trait taxonomies 55 What is a two Basic f ormulations 57 traits as internal Causal Properties 57 traits as Purely descriptive summaries 58 the a ct frequency f ormulation of an illustration of the descriptive summary formulation 58 act frequency r esearch Program 59 evaluation of the a ct frequency formulation 60 identification of the most important traits 62 Lexical approach 62 statistical approach 63 theoretical approach 64 evaluating the approaches for identifying important traits 66 taxonomies of Personality 66 hierarchical model of Personality 67 Circumplex taxonomies of Personality 71 the actor model 73 the hexa Co model 83 indd 5 PMContentsvisummary and e valuation 85 Key terms 86 Chapter 4 theoretical and measurement issues in trait Psychology 88 theoretical issues 90 meaningful differences among individuals 90 Consistency over time 91 Consistency a cross situations 92 situation interaction 95 aggregation 99 measurement issues 103 Carelessness 103 faking on Questionnaires 104 Beware of Barnum statements in Personality test interpretations 105 Personality and Prediction 106 applications of Personality testing in the Workplace 107 Legal issues in Personality testing in employment settings 108 Personnel the right Person for the Job 112 selection in Business the Briggs type indicator 114 selection in Business the hogan Personality inventory 118 summary and e valuation 121 Key terms 122 Chapter 5 Personality dispositions over stability Coherence and Change 123 Conceptual Personality development stability Coherence and Change 124 What is Personality 125 rank order stability 125 mean Level stability 125 Personality Coherence 126 Personality Change 128 three Levels of analysis 128 Population Level 129 group differences Level 129 individual differences Level 130Personality stability over time 130 stability of temperament during infancy 130 stability during Childhood 132 rank order stability in a dulthood 135 mean Level stability in a dulthood 137 Personality Change 141 Changes in from a dolescence to adulthood 142 autonomy dominance Leadership and ambition 144 sensation seeking and impulsivity 144 increasing openness and Creativity 145 Personality Changes a cross assertiveness and n arcissism 147 volitional Personality is it 148 Personality Coherence over Prediction of socially r elevant outcomes 149 marital stability marital satisfaction and divorce 149 alcoholism drug Use and emotional disturbance 150 religiousness and spirituality 150 education a cademic a chievement and dropping out 151 health and Longevity 151 Predicting Personality Change 153 summary and e valuation 154 Key terms 155 Part ii the Biological domain Chapter 6 genetics and Personality 158 the human genome 159 Controversy about genes and Personality 160 goals of Behavioural genetics 161 What is 163 misconceptions about heritability 164 debate Clarified 164 Behavioural genetic methods 165 selective studies of Best friend 165 family studies 166 indd 6 PMContentsviitwin studies 167 adoption studies 170 major findings from Behavioural genetic research 171 Personality traits 171 attitudes and Preferences 174 drinking and smoking 177 marriage 177 shared versus n onshared environmental a riddle 178 genes and the environment 180 interaction 180 Correlation 181 molecular genetics 183 Behavioural genetics science Politics and values 185 summary and e valuation 186 Key terms 188 Chapter 7 Physiological approaches to Personality 189 a Physiological approach to Personality 195 Physiological measures Commonly Used in Personality r esearch 196 electrodermal a ctivity 197 Cardiovascular a ctivity 197 Brain a ctivity 198 other measures 200 Physiologically Based theories of Personality 201 201 sensitivity to r eward and Punishment 206 sensation seeking 210 neurotransmitters and Personality 215 veningness 217 Brain asymmetry and affective style 220 summary and e valuation 224 Key terms 226 Chapter 8 evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 227 evolution and n atural selection 228 natural selection 229sexual selection 229 genes and inclusive fitness 230 Products of the e volutionary Process 231 evolutionary Psychology 233 Premises of e volutionary Psychology 233 empirical testing of e volutionary hypotheses 234 human n ature 236 need to Belong 236 helping and altruism 238 Universal emotions 240 sex differences 241 sex differences in aggression 242 sex differences in Jealousy 244 sex differences in mate Preferences 246 individual differences 247 environmental triggers of individual differences 249 heritable individual differences Contingent on other traits 250 strategic individual differences 252 the Big five motivation and e volutionarily relevant a daptive Problems 255 Limitations of e volutionary Psychology 257 summary and e valuation 258 Key terms 260 Part iii the intrapsychic domain Chapter 9 Psychoanalytic approaches to Personality 263 sigmund f a Brief Biography 265 fundamental assumptions of Psychoanalytic theory 266 Basic sex and aggression 267 Unconscious sometimes We Know Why We do What We do 267 Psychic n othing happens by Chance 269 structure of Personality 272 r eservoir of Psychic energy 272 executive of Personality 273 indd 7 Upholder of societal values and ideals 276 interaction of the id e go and superego 277 dynamics of Personality 277 types of anxiety 277 defence mechanisms 278 Psychosexual stages of Personality development 285 Personality and Psychoanalysis 289 techniques for r evealing the Unconscious 289 the Process of Psychoanalysis 293 Why is Psychoanalysis 295 evaluation of f Contributions 295 summary and e valuation 298 Key terms 298 Chapter 10 Psychoanalytic Contemporary issues 300 the n movement 302 repression and Contemporary r esearch on memory 302 Contemporary views on the Unconscious 309 ego Psychology 311 eight stages of development 312 Karen horney and a f eminist interpretation of Psychoanalysis 318 emphasis on self and the n otion of narcissism 319 object r elations theory 321 early Childhood a ttachment 322 adult r elationships 324 summary and e valuation 328 Key terms 329 Chapter 11 motives and Personality 331 Basic Concepts 333 need 334 Press 336 apperception and the tat 336 the Big three a chievement Power and intimacy 340need for a chievement 340 need for Power 346 need for intimacy 349 humanistic the motive to actualize 351 abraham Contributions 352 Carl r Contributions 359 summary and e valuation 366 Key terms 368 Part iv the domain Chapter 12 Cognitive topics in Personality 371 Personality r evealed through Perception 374 field dependence 375 Pain tolerance and sensation r augmenting 379 Personality r evealed through interpretation 380 Personal Construct theory 381 Locus of Control 383 Learned helplessness 386 Personality r evealed through goals 391 Personal Projects analysis 391 Cognitive social Learning theory 392 intelligence 396 summary and e valuation 399 Key terms 401 Chapter 13 emotion and Personality 402 issues in emotion r esearch 404 emotional states versus emotional traits 404 Categorical versus dimensional approach to emotion 404 Content versus style of emotional Life 409 Content of emotional Life 409 style of emotional Life 430 interaction of Content and style in emotional Life 435 summary and e valuation 436 Key terms 437 indd 8 PMContentsixChapter 14 approaches to the self 438 descriptive Component of the Concept 440 development 440 Possible selves ought selves and Undesired selves 446 is there a 448 evaluative Component of the esteem 449 evaluation of oneself 449 research on 452 social Component of the social identity 461 the n ature of identity 461 identity development 462 identity Crises 462 summary and e valuation 465 Key terms 467 Part v the social and Cultural domain Chapter 15 Personality and social interaction 470 selection 472 Personality Characteristics desired in a Partner 472 assortative mating for the search for the similar 473 do People get the Partners they and are they 477 Personality and the selective Breakup of Couples 479 shyness and the selection of risky situations 480 other Personality traits and the selection of situations 481 evocation 482 aggression and the e vocation of hostility 482 evocation of anger and Upset in Couples 483 evocation of Likability Pleasure and Pain 486evocation through expectancy Confirmation 486 social influence tactics 487 a taxonomy of eleven tactics of manipulation 487 Personality Predictors of tactics of manipulation 489 Panning an overview of Personality and social interaction 494 summary and e valuation 497 Key terms 499 Chapter 16 sex gender and Personality 500 the science and Politics of studying sex and gender 502 history of the study of sex differences 502 Calculation of effect how Large are the sex 503 minimalists and maximalists 505 sex differences in Personality 505 temperament in Children 505 actor model 506 Basic f requency and intensity 511 other dimensions of Personality 512 emininity gender stereotypes and gender identity 515 masculinity f emininity and androgyny 515 gender stereotypes 519 gender identity 521 theories of sex differences 524 socialization and social r oles 524 hormonal theories 527 evolutionary Psychology theory 529 an integrated theoretical Perspective 530 summary and e valuation 531 Key terms 533 Chapter 17 Culture and Personality 534 Cultural an illustration 535 What is Cultural Personality 536 Cultural differences in Personality 537 evoked Culture 537 transmitted Culture 540 indd 9 PMContentsxdo Cultures have distinctive Personality 554 Cultural similarities in Personality 556 Cultural Universals 556 summary and e valuation 564 Key terms 566 Part vi the a djustment domain Chapter 18 stress Coping a djustment and health 568 models of the Connection 570 the Concept of stress 575 the stress r esponse 576 major Life e vents 577 daily hassles 579 varieties of stress 579 Primary and secondary appraisal 581 Coping strategies and styles 582 explanatory style 582 optimism and health 584 management of emotions and disclosure 587 hardiness and r esilience 592 type a Personality and Cardiovascular disease 593 the Lethal Component of the type a Behaviour Pattern 596 how the arteries are damaged by hostile type a Behaviour 597 summary and e valuation 599 Key terms 600 Chapter 19 disorders of Personality 602 the Building Blocks of Personality disorders 604 the Concept of disorder 605 What is 606the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 607 What is a Personality 608 specific Personality disorders 610 Cluster a the eccentric Ways of Being different 610 Cluster B the erratic Ways of Being Unstable and emotional 615 Cluster C the anxious Ways of Being fearful and distressed 627 Prevalence of Personality disorders 633 gender differences in Personality disorders 636 dimensional model of Personality disorders 637 Causes of Personality disorders 638 summary and e valuation 642 Key terms 643 Conclusion Chapter 20 summary and future directions 644 Current status of the field 645 domains of Where Been Where going 646 dispositional domain 646 Biological domain 647 intrapsychic domain 649 domain 650 social and Cultural domain 651 adjustment domain 652 Personality in the Century 653 glossary references Chapter sources name index subject index indd 10 PMxiabout the a uthors randy J | [
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Larsen received his Phd in Personality Psychology from the University of illinois at Urbana in 1984 in 1992 he was awarded the distinguished scientific achievement award for early Career Contributions to Personality Psychology from the american Psychological association and in 1987 he received a research scientist development award from the national institute of mental health he has been an associate editor at the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and has been on the editorial boards of the Journal of Research in Personality Review of General Psychology and the Journal of Personality randy Larsen has served on several scientific review groups for the national institute of mental health and the national research Council he is a fellow in the association for Psychological science and the american Psychological association his research on personality has been supported by the national institute of mental health the national science foundation the national institute of aging the mcdonnell foundation for Cognitive neuroscience and the solon summerfield foundation in 2000 he was elected dent of the midwestern Psychological association he has served on the faculty at Purdue University and the University of michigan | [
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