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LJ001-0001
Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition
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121
8
LJ001-0002
in being comparatively modern.
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24
8
LJ001-0003
For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process
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121
8
LJ001-0004
produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,
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65
8
LJ001-0005
the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.
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102
8
LJ001-0006
And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,
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72
8
LJ001-0007
the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about fourteen fifty-five,
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105
8
LJ001-0008
has never been surpassed.
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23
8
LJ001-0009
Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.
[ [ 1698, 1394, 268, 1389, 851, 617, 830, 228, 228, 1810, 872, 1416, 2043, 874, 1341, 1340, 1679, 1910, 313, 1997, 1295, 112, 910, 1566, 205, 797, 797, 1814, 1515, 1098, 1730, 1730, 2016...
95
8
LJ001-0010
Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,
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111
8
LJ001-0011
it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;
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57
8
LJ001-0012
especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters
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103
8
LJ001-0013
than in the same operations with ugly ones.
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33
8
LJ001-0014
And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,
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125
8
LJ001-0015
the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.
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116
8
LJ001-0016
The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore
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66
8
LJ001-0017
that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.
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88
8
LJ001-0018
The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,
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94
8
LJ001-0019
and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;
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81
8
LJ001-0020
the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.
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59
8
LJ001-0021
The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation
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108
8
LJ001-0022
of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"
[ [ 1698, 597, 1686, 690, 875, 1767, 1721, 1406, 1184, 1764, 1348, 1473, 920, 1705, 1252, 473, 475, 1790, 1929, 1384, 2027, 1215, 798, 1708, 1473, 526, 632, 1322, 1353, 1772, 186, 1895, ...
89
8
LJ001-0023
and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.
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106
8
LJ001-0024
But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year fourteen sixty-two)
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99
8
LJ001-0025
imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.
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111
8
LJ001-0026
On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,
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77
8
LJ001-0027
especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,
[ [ 1138, 1967, 1762, 1577, 263, 2020, 307, 831, 1892, 73, 83, 325, 160, 114, 793, 1483, 1713, 349, 383, 1782, 944, 1253, 2046, 560, 743, 438, 1428, 1984, 1655, 774, 212, 1443, 636, ...
121
8
LJ001-0028
but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.
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75
8
LJ001-0029
But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used
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67
8
LJ001-0030
a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.
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87
8
LJ001-0031
In fourteen sixty-five Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,
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99
8
LJ001-0032
and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,
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89
8
LJ001-0033
but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.
[ [ 1698, 1249, 1918, 1117, 572, 572, 327, 1264, 1409, 744, 1756, 1756, 1245, 1393, 1393, 463, 463, 1567, 831, 1010, 1849, 1705, 298, 298, 1729, 1549, 440, 440, 1591, 1967, 1161, 833, 12...
87
8
LJ001-0034
They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year fourteen sixty-eight,
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114
8
LJ001-0035
they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.
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64
8
LJ001-0036
But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;
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92
8
LJ001-0037
and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;
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54
8
LJ001-0038
while in fourteen seventy at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.
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122
8
LJ001-0039
The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,
[ [ 1698, 539, 1725, 1782, 2003, 213, 994, 603, 1081, 371, 527, 619, 1640, 832, 1696, 1930, 1774, 178, 455, 1513, 475, 1562, 794, 1997, 1109, 268, 212, 1443, 1067, 828, 1967, 1945, 766, ...
47
8
LJ001-0040
and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.
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95
8
LJ001-0041
It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,
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62
8
LJ001-0042
and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.
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84
8
LJ001-0043
A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.
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49
8
LJ001-0044
John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,
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88
8
LJ001-0045
fourteen sixty-nine, fourteen seventy;
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38
8
LJ001-0046
their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.
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68
8
LJ001-0047
Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:
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75
8
LJ001-0048
his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.
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80
8
LJ001-0049
After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by fourteen ninety, printing in Venice had declined very much;
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97
8
LJ001-0050
and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,
[ [ 799, 685, 993, 1259, 414, 1766, 246, 1386, 1627, 1552, 1721, 1356, 921, 535, 1228, 1615, 794, 1768, 776, 264, 1567, 1229, 705, 1989, 986, 1992, 178, 178, 1107, 479, 910, 1566, 1602, ...
91
8
LJ001-0051
and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,
[ [ 799, 1209, 1377, 1259, 574, 251, 921, 1932, 109, 1670, 1670, 1412, 111, 578, 1109, 443, 1807, 1172, 1143, 1066, 272, 366, 313, 1997, 1571, 1424, 1117, 168, 1034, 1327, 803, 486, 1728...
61
8
LJ001-0052
yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact
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68
8
LJ001-0053
they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.
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58
8
LJ001-0054
Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,
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55
8
LJ001-0055
some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.
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108
8
LJ001-0056
It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,
[ [ 1182, 1578, 1001, 382, 1251, 1513, 1869, 110, 1012, 573, 109, 1670, 1670, 1106, 1309, 655, 202, 761, 191, 783, 1517, 213, 313, 1997, 268, 268, 774, 1443, 1157, 912, 284, 206, 1943, ...
69
8
LJ001-0057
Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,
[ [ 108, 196, 1644, 429, 1841, 562, 1537, 1895, 1703, 864, 1377, 662, 1404, 1620, 1253, 967, 990, 654, 1943, 514, 1858, 55, 1334, 1994, 1229, 110, 1067, 636, 797, 312, 1814, 323, 660, ...
107
8
LJ001-0058
and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,
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93
8
LJ001-0059
the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.
[ [ 995, 109, 1670, 1891, 1124, 1910, 1056, 114, 1610, 1039, 1259, 410, 597, 1513, 475, 988, 111, 603, 847, 1341, 1998, 113, 985, 313, 1997, 268, 442, 212, 1443, 636, 797, 797, 1607, ...
114
8
LJ001-0060
It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries
[ [ 613, 352, 925, 1409, 1215, 794, 1057, 1989, 983, 294, 55, 1762, 1853, 1853, 643, 56, 1895, 1607, 1743, 1656, 1051, 749, 1255, 1255, 1526, 1787, 1075, 272, 977, 907, 1896, 1896, 383, ...
85
8
LJ001-0061
the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.
[ [ 1698, 526, 1725, 1399, 2003, 877, 1026, 1984, 1655, 774, 1679, 572, 382, 1092, 386, 1063, 1274, 1562, 2026, 1945, 1506, 371, 1467, 1695, 1695, 1959, 1532, 1506, 1477, 839, 1628, 1187, ...
44
8
LJ001-0062
Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,
[ [ 1692, 1978, 1383, 1948, 926, 125, 1781, 856, 1939, 1825, 705, 582, 832, 1607, 1743, 7, 1883, 1722, 1650, 1615, 1347, 597, 1552, 1356, 485, 1296, 1914, 277, 283, 1741, 981, 1708, 1473...
66
8
LJ001-0063
which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,
[ [ 995, 572, 1001, 382, 2026, 1041, 1041, 132, 1005, 1825, 722, 8, 690, 875, 1721, 1721, 299, 1184, 1348, 1939, 831, 1194, 160, 1477, 1560, 917, 981, 1327, 1640, 312, 868, 868, 657, ...
58
8
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LJSpeech — Mimi Codes

Pre-extracted Kyutai Mimi neural-codec tokens for the LJSpeech corpus — 13,100 English utterances from a single female speaker reading public-domain audiobook passages (~24 hours).

This dataset contains codes only, not audio. For waveforms, go to the original LJSpeech release; these codes are designed to be loaded alongside it for training Mimi-based speech models without paying the ~1 hour of GPU extraction cost.

Schema

One row per utterance:

Column Type Notes
id string e.g. LJ001-0001
text string normalized transcript, original mixed-case preserved
codes int16[k=8][n_frames] Mimi codebook indices @ 12.5 fps
n_frames int32 = codes.shape[1]
k_codebooks int32 = 8

Extraction details

  • Codec: kyutai/mimi @ 24 kHz, 12.5 fps
  • Codebooks: all 8 extracted. Slice codes[:k] if you want fewer (Mimi's codebooks are ordered by importance; the first few capture most of the signal).
  • Codebook size: 2048 per codebook → values stored as int16
  • Transcripts: the normalized column from metadata.csv (punctuation preserved, expanded numerics/abbreviations). Original mixed-case is kept — apply .lower() at load time if your model expects lowercase (e.g. to reproduce Wren-TTS training).

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset
import torch

ds = load_dataset("shangeth/ljspeech-mimi-codes", split="train")

ex    = ds[0]
codes = torch.tensor(ex["codes"], dtype=torch.long)   # [8, n_frames]
print(ex["id"], "→", ex["text"][:60])
print("codes:", codes.shape, "duration:", codes.shape[1] / 12.5, "s")

# Use only the first 3 codebooks (e.g. for a smaller model):
codes_3 = codes[:3]

Decode back to audio with the Mimi decoder:

from transformers import MimiModel
mimi = MimiModel.from_pretrained("kyutai/mimi").cuda().eval()
with torch.no_grad():
    wav = mimi.decode(codes.unsqueeze(0).cuda()).audio_values[0].cpu()
# wav is [1, T] @ 24 kHz

Splits

Split Rows
train ~13,100

LJSpeech has no canonical train/val/test split — partition as your task requires.

License

The underlying LJSpeech corpus is in the public domain (CC0). The derived Mimi codes inherit this license. You can use, redistribute, and modify without attribution, though citing the original corpus is encouraged.

Links

Citation

@misc{wren2026,
  title  = {Wren: A Family of Small Open-Weight Models for Unified Speech-Text Modelling},
  author = {Shangeth Rajaa},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://github.com/shangeth/wren}
}

@misc{ito2017lj,
  title  = {The LJ Speech Dataset},
  author = {Keith Ito and Linda Johnson},
  year   = {2017},
  url    = {https://keithito.com/LJ-Speech-Dataset/}
}

Related

Used to train the Wren series of speech-text multimodal models.

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