LudoBench

LLMs as Rules Oracles: Exploring Real-World Multimodal Reasoning in Tabletop Strategy Game Environments

ICLR 2026

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A multimodal board-game reasoning benchmark evaluating LLM/VLM reasoning across 5 strategy games and 3 difficulty tiers.

Fields

Field	Description
ID	Unique question identifier
Game	Board game name
tier	Difficulty tier (1, 2, or 3)
Question	The question text
Answer	Expected answer
game_state_url	Path(s) to game state image(s), semicolon-separated if multiple

Benchmark Results

See benchmark_results.csv for accuracy scores of 9 models across all game/tier/modality splits.

Citation

@inproceedings{peper2026ludobench,
  title={{LLMs} as Rules Oracles: Exploring Real-World Multimodal Reasoning in Tabletop Strategy Game Environments},
  author={Peper, Joseph J. and Gandra, Sai Krishna and Zhang, Yunxiang and Chennareddy, Vaibhav and Jha, Shloki and Payani, Ali and Wang, Lu},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
  year={2026},
  address={Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}
}