input stringlengths 1.42k 3.46k | output stringlengths 533 159k | __index_level_0__ int64 0 177k |
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<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Chronic urethral obstruction due to benign prismatic hyperplasia can lead to the following change in kidney parenchyma</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thou... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Chronic urethral obstruction leads to increased pressure in the urinary tract.
- Increased pressure can cause hydronephrosis.
- Hydronephrosis can lead to damage and loss of functional kidney tissue.
- Loss of functional tissue is associated with atrop... | 0 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Which vitamin is supplied from only animal source:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Vitamin C is commonly found in plant sources like citrus fruits.
- Vitamin B7 (Biotin) is found in both animal and plant sources.
- Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal products.
- Vitamin D can be synthesized by the skin from sunlight and is also ... | 1 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>All of the following are surgical options for morbid obesity except -</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reas... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Surgical options for morbid obesity include restrictive, malabsorptive, and mixed procedures.
- Adjustable gastric banding is a restrictive procedure.
- Biliopancreatic diversion and Duodenal Switch are malabsorptive/mixed procedures.
- Roux-en-Y gastr... | 2 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Following endaerectomy on the right common carotid, a patient is found to be blind in the right eye. It is appears that a small thrombus embolized during surgery and lodged in the aery supplying the opt... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The optic nerve is supplied by the central artery of the retina.
- The central artery of the retina is a branch of the ophthalmic artery.
- The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
- The right common carotid artery surgery coul... | 3 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Growth hormone has its effect on growth through?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options an... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Growth hormone (GH) is a key regulator of growth and metabolism.
- GH exerts its effects indirectly in many cases, by stimulating the production of other substances.
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1 or IG1-1) is a well-known mediator of GH effects. ... | 4 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Scrub typhus is transmitted by: September 2004</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Scrub typhus is a rickettsial disease.
- Rickettsial diseases are often vector-borne.
- The vector for scrub typhus is a specific arthropod.
- Mites are known to transmit certain rickettsial infections.
- Ticks are vectors for other rickettsial disea... | 5 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Abnormal vascular patterns seen with colposcopy in case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are all except</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT)... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is associated with specific vascular changes visible during colposcopy.
- Punctation and mosaicism are classic colposcopic findings in CIN.
- Atypical vessels are also considered abnormal vascular patterns.
- Sa... | 6 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Per rectum examination is not a useful test for diagnosis of</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on thi... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Per rectum examination involves inserting a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to assess for abnormalities.
- It is useful for evaluating conditions within the rectum and anal canal.
- Pilonidal sinus is a condition involving the skin near the tai... | 7 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Characteristics of Remifentanyl – a) Metabolised by plasma esteraseb) Short half lifec) More potent than Alfentanyld) Dose reduced in hepatic and renal diseasee) Duration of action more than Alfentanyl<... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Remifentanil is a synthetic opioid.
- It is known for its ultra-short duration of action.
- It is metabolized by nonspecific plasma and tissue esterases, not by the liver.
- Its metabolism is independent of hepatic or renal function.
- It is more pot... | 8 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Hypomimia is ?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a path to the correct ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Hypomimia is a term related to facial expression and gesture.
- The prefix "hypo-" suggests a decrease or reduction.
- "Mimia" relates to mimicry or facial expression.
- The term is often used in neurological or psychiatric contexts.
- It is associat... | 9 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Naglers reaction is shown by</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a path t... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Nagler's reaction is a biochemical test used to detect the presence of **lecithinase** (phospholipase C) activity.
- Lecithinase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes lecithin, a component of egg yolk agar.
- A positive Nagler's reaction is indicated by the **cle... | 10 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Which of the following statements are True/False? 1. Hirsutism, which is defined as androgen-dependent excessive male pattern hair growth, affects approximately 25% of women. 2. Virilization refers to a... | <think>
</think>
**Search for potential reasoning traces:**
- Hirsutism prevalence in women
- Definition and distinction between hirsutism and virilization
- Acromegaly and its clinical features
- Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system for hirsutism
- Interpretation of Ferriman-Gallwey scores
---
**Reasoning pr... | 11 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>The pharmakokinetic change occurring in geriatric patient is due to</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Pharmacokinetic changes in geriatric patients involve absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
- Aging affects organ function, particularly the liver and kidneys.
- Renal function declines with age, impacting drug clearance.
- Hypersensitiv... | 12 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>True regarding lag phase is?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a path t... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The lag phase is the initial phase of bacterial growth.
- During the lag phase, bacteria do not increase in number significantly.
- The lag phase is characterized by adaptation to the new environment.
- Exponential growth occurs in the log phase, not t... | 13 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>A 60 yr old chronic smoker presents with painless gross hematuria of 1 day duration. Investigation of choice to know the cause of hematuria</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> us... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Painless gross hematuria in a chronic smoker is a red flag for urological malignancy (e.g., bladder or renal cancer).
- Chronic smoking is a known risk factor for bladder cancer.
- Painless hematuria is a classic presentation of bladder cancer.
- The g... | 14 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>With which of the following receptors theophylline has an antagonistic interaction ?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You ev... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Theophylline is a methylxanthine derivative.
- Methylxanthines are known to have bronchodilatory and central nervous system stimulant effects.
- Adenosine receptors are involved in bronchoconstriction and suppression of central nervous system activity. ... | 15 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Hyper viscosity is seen in</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a path to ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Hyperviscosity is a condition where blood becomes abnormally thick, often due to an excess of abnormal proteins or cells.
- It is commonly associated with monoclonal gammopathies and conditions involving abnormal immunoglobulin production.
- Cryoglobulin... | 16 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>For a positively skewed curve which measure of central tendency is largest</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- A positively skewed distribution has a long tail to the right.
- In such a distribution, the mean is pulled in the direction of the tail.
- The mode is the highest point of the distribution and is on the left side.
- The median lies between the mean an... | 17 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>The process of hardening a cement matrix through hydration with oral fluids to achieve greater mechanical strength is known as:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Cha... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The question refers to a **cement matrix** and **hydration with oral fluids**, suggesting a biological or dental context.
- The process involves **hardening** and **increased mechanical strength** over time.
- The term **"hydration"** implies a chemical ... | 18 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Superior vena cava is derived from:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The superior vena cava (SVC) is a major vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart.
- Embryologically, the SVC develops from the right anterior cardinal vein.
- The aortic arch is a source of arterial structures, no... | 19 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Testicular artery usually arises from</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The testicular artery is a branch of the abdominal aorta.
- It typically arises from the aorta at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
- It is located below the origin of the renal arteries.
- The internal and external iliac arteries are b... | 20 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Position of vocal cord in cadaver is:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The position of the vocal cords in a cadaver is typically determined by the absence of neuromuscular activity.
- In life, the vocal cords can be in various positions (adduction, abduction, intermediate) depending on function (speech, breathing, etc.).
- ... | 21 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Organisms that has not been cultured successfully so far is-</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on thi... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Culturability of various bacteria
- Historical challenges in culturing specific pathogens
- Known methods for diagnosing unculturable organisms
- Differences in growth requirements between bacterial species
Reasoning process:
1. The question asks ... | 22 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Normal waist hip ratio of a female is below</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and det... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is a measure of body fat distribution and is associated with health risks.
- A lower WHR is generally considered healthier, especially in females.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) and other health organizations provide r... | 23 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>The most common cause of renal scaring in a 3 year old child is -</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason o... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Renal scarring in young children is often related to recurrent or severe kidney infections.
- Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a known risk factor for pyelonephritis in children.
- Trauma is less common in 3-year-olds and typically presents with acute symp... | 24 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>A 6hours old snake bite patient comes to emergency with mild local edema at the injury site. On examination no abnormalities detected and lab repos are normal. Most appropriate management is</question>
... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Snake bite management depends on the type of snake and clinical presentation.
- Mild local edema without systemic symptoms or abnormal lab results suggests a non-severe envenomation.
- Incision and suction is not recommended in modern snake bite manageme... | 25 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Which of the following agents is most commonly associated with recurrent meningitis due to CSF leaks?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoni... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Recurrent meningitis is often due to persistent or recurring breaches in the central nervous system (CNS) barriers, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.
- CSF leaks can occur after trauma, surgery, or congenital defects, allowing bacteria from the naso... | 26 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Treatment of choice in traumatic facial nerve injury is:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this op... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Traumatic facial nerve injury often involves direct damage to the nerve.
- The facial nerve is responsible for motor control of facial muscles.
- Treatment depends on the severity and type of injury (e.g., contusion, laceration, avulsion).
- Conservati... | 27 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>What is the best method of informing the rural population about Oral rehydration technique: March 2013 (d, f)</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT)... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Oral rehydration technique (ORT) is a practical skill that involves mixing and administering a solution.
- Rural populations may have limited literacy and may benefit more from visual and hands-on learning.
- Demonstrations allow for real-time observatio... | 28 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Lymph vessel which drain the posterior 1/3 rd of the tongue:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on thi... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Lymphatic drainage of the tongue is divided into anterior and posterior thirds.
- The posterior one-third of the tongue is drained by lymphatic vessels that follow a specific anatomical pattern.
- The lymphatic vessels of the tongue include central, marg... | 29 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Risk factors associated with post-operative nausea and vomiting following strabismus surgery are all except -</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT)... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication after surgery.
- Risk factors for PONV include age, sex, duration of anesthesia, type of surgery, and personal or family history of PONV or motion sickness.
- Strabismus surgery is typica... | 30 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>All are True about Acute Osteomyelitis except</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and d... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Acute osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection of the bone.
- It is more common in children due to their open growth plates and less developed immune defenses.
- The metaphysis (not the epiphysis) is the most common site of infection in children.
- Sever... | 31 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Anterolateral ahroscopy of knee is for:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determi... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Anterolateral arthroscopy refers to a specific portal used in knee arthroscopy.
- The portals in knee arthroscopy are named based on their location and the structures they provide access to.
- The anterolateral portal is commonly used to visualize the pa... | 32 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Regarding vaginal candidiasis which one of the following is false:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Vaginal candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by *Candida* species.
- Clinical features include pruritus, thick white discharge, and characteristic appearance of the discharge.
- Diagnosis is confirmed by microscopic examination of a KOH preparation s... | 33 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>25 year old patient Suspected to have a pneumoperitoneum. Patient is unable to stand. Best x-ray view is</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reas... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Pneumoperitoneum is best detected by identifying free air under the diaphragm.
- In a supine position, free air may collect in the most dependent part of the abdomen, making it less visible.
- In a lateral decubitus view, free air rises to the uppermost ... | 34 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>What is the most probable poal of entry of Aspergillus?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this opt... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Aspergillus is a type of fungus commonly found in the environment.
- It is known to cause respiratory infections.
- The primary route of infection for many respiratory pathogens is through inhalation.
- Aspergillus spores are airborne and can be inhale... | 35 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>For TOF management in antenatal period includes ?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options a... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- TOF (Tetralogy of Fallot) is a congenital heart defect.
- Antenatal management refers to care during pregnancy.
- Karyotyping is a genetic test used to detect chromosomal abnormalities.
- Balloon valvotomy is a procedure for valvular stenosis, typicall... | 36 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>What change will be seen in vertebral column in ochronosis-</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Ochronosis is a metabolic disorder (e.g., alkaptonuria) characterized by the accumulation of homogentisic acid.
- Homogentisic acid can deposit in connective tissues, including cartilage and ligaments.
- Vertebral column changes in ochronosis are related... | 37 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>If solid line represent the rigid height, then the following diagram with excessive inter arch space is classified in?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thou... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The question refers to a diagram with "excessive inter arch space" and a "solid line representing rigid height."
- This terminology is commonly used in orthodontics or dentofacial orthopedics.
- "Inter arch space" refers to the space between the upper an... | 38 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Pearsonian measure of skewness -</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a pa... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Pearsonian measure of skewness is a statistical measure used to assess the asymmetry of a distribution.
- It is based on the relationship between the mean, mode, and standard deviation (SD).
- The formula involves the difference between the mean and the ... | 39 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Following are the causes of sudden loss of vision except ?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Sudden loss of vision is typically caused by acute or rapidly progressive conditions.
- Angle closure glaucoma is a medical emergency that can cause sudden vision loss due to rapid intraocular pressure rise.
- Endophthalmitis is an intraocular infection ... | 40 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>All of the following are features of Lymph node histology except</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Lymph node histology includes distinct structural features such as sinuses, cortex, medulla, and lymphatic vessels.
- Red pulp and white pulp are characteristic of the spleen, not lymph nodes.
- Lymph nodes have afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. ... | 41 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>During Sx for meningioma, the left paracentral lobule was injured. It would lead to paresis of</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning meth... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The paracentral lobule is part of the medial surface of the parietal and frontal lobes.
- It contains the primary motor and sensory cortex for the lower limbs and perineal region.
- The paracentral lobule is contralateral in function, meaning injury to t... | 42 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Which of the following bacterial meningitis is associated with sudural effusion?</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evalua... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Bacterial meningitis can be associated with various complications, including subdural effusions.
- Subdural effusions are more commonly seen with certain pathogens.
- *Haemophilus influenzae* type b (Hib) is historically known to be associated with subdu... | 43 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>All of the following statements are true regarding hyperophy, except:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reas... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells.
- Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of existing cells.
- Cells that can divide may undergo both hypertrophy and hyperplasia in response to stress.
- Hypertrophy involves the synthesi... | 44 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Glucose sympo occurs with:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a path to ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Glucose transport in the body is often linked to sodium (Na+).
- Sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) are responsible for glucose absorption in the small intestine and reabsorption in the kidneys.
- These transporters use the sodium gradient to move glu... | 45 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>All are true about temporal arteritis except -</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Temporal arteritis is a vasculitis affecting medium and large arteries, especially the temporal arteries.
- It is more common in the elderly population.
- It is more common in females than males.
- A key complication is sudden vision loss, often unilat... | 46 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Of the various modalities used in the treatment of re-threatening effects of hyperkalemia which one of the following as the most rapid onset of action ?</question>
Please respond to the above question ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Hyperkalemia is a life-threatening condition requiring rapid intervention.
- The goal of treatment is to stabilize the heart, shift potassium into cells, and remove excess potassium from the body.
- Different treatments have varying onset times and mecha... | 47 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>In chronic alcoholism the rate limiting component for alcohol metabolism excluding enzymes is/are : (PGI Dec 2008)</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Alcohol metabolism primarily occurs in the liver via the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which converts ethanol to acetaldehyde.
- This reaction requires NAD+ as a coenzyme, which is reduced to NADH.
- In chronic alcoholism, the continuous metabolism... | 48 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Minimum level of iodine iodized salt reaching the consumer level according to iodine programme should be:-</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) re... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Iodized salt is a public health intervention to prevent iodine deficiency disorders.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF have established guidelines for iodine content in salt.
- The minimum iodine content in salt at the consumer level is a ... | 49 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>True statement regarding specific death rates</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and d... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Specific death rates are calculated for specific subgroups of the population.
- They can be stratified by age, sex, or cause of death.
- Their purpose is to identify patterns or "at-risk" groups for targeted public health interventions.
- The term "spe... | 50 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies is given on days</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this option... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is typically given to individuals at high risk of rabies exposure.
- The standard regimen for PrEP involves a series of rabies vaccine doses.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control... | 51 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Regarding Sjogren's syndrome, all are true except: September 2010</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason o... | <think>
</think>
**Search for potential reasoning traces:**
- Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder.
- It is characterized by dryness of the eyes and mouth.
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a hallmark ocular manifestation.
- Epiphora refers to excessive tearing, which is not a typical feature of Sjogren's synd... | 52 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Best indicator of antemoum drowning is :</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Drowning is a process involving submersion in water, and postmortem changes can help determine if death occurred before or after submersion.
- Antemortem drowning implies the victim was alive when submerged and inhaled water.
- Postmortem submersion (pos... | 53 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Splenomegaly may be a feature of: March 2013</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and de... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen, often due to increased workload or infiltration.
- It is commonly associated with hemolytic anemias and chronic blood disorders.
- Sickle cell anemia causes chronic hemolysis and splenic sequestration, leadin... | 54 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Gp2b3A inhibitors are all except -</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- GpIIb/IIIa (Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) inhibitors are a class of antiplatelet drugs.
- These drugs block the final common pathway of platelet aggregation by inhibiting the fibrinogen receptor on platelets.
- Common GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors include Abciximab, Ep... | 55 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>True of case control studies -</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on this options and determine a path... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Case-control studies are retrospective.
- They start with the outcome (disease) and look back at potential exposures.
- They are used to calculate the odds ratio, not relative risk.
- Incidence cannot be calculated in case-control studies because the t... | 56 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>All of the following could include the mechanism or function of oxigenases, EXCEPT:</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You eva... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Oxygenases are enzymes that incorporate oxygen into substrates.
- There are two main types: dioxygenases (incorporate 2 oxygen atoms) and monooxygenases (incorporate 1 oxygen atom).
- Hydroxylation is a common function of monooxygenases.
- Carboxylatio... | 57 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>According to recent SC judgment, doctor can be charged for medical negligence under 304-A, only if: AIIMS 12</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) ... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- The Indian Penal Code (IPC) Section 304-A pertains to causing death by negligence.
- Medical negligence under IPC 304-A requires a level of negligence that goes beyond ordinary or simple negligence.
- The Supreme Court of India has clarified that for a d... | 58 |
<|im_start|>system
You are a medical expert that reason about medical questions.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<question>Which of the following is very difficult to induce antibody -</question>
Please respond to the above question <question> using the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning method.
You evaluate and reason on th... | <think>
</think>
Search for potential reasoning traces:
- Antibody induction depends on the immunogenicity of the substance.
- Proteins are generally more immunogenic than polysaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are T-cell independent antigens and may not induce strong or long-lasting antibody responses.
- Antigen... | 59 |
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