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39 | # Albedo
**Albedo** (`{{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|b|iː|d|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-albedo.wav}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|al|BEE|doh}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{etymology|la|albedo|whiteness}}`{=mediawiki}) is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale fr... | 317 | Albedo | 0 |
39 | # Albedo
## Terrestrial albedo {#terrestrial_albedo}
+------------------+---------------------+
| Surface | Typical\ |
| | albedo |
+==================+=====================+
| Fresh asphalt | 0.04{{cite web |
+------------------+---------------------+
| Open ... | 879 | Albedo | 1 |
39 | # Albedo
## Examples of terrestrial albedo effects {#examples_of_terrestrial_albedo_effects}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|The percentage of diffusely reflected sunlight relative to various surface conditions
### Illumination
Albedo is not directly dependent on the illumination because changing the amount of incoming light p... | 902 | Albedo | 2 |
39 | # Albedo
## Examples of terrestrial albedo effects {#examples_of_terrestrial_albedo_effects}
### Solar photovoltaic effects {#solar_photovoltaic_effects}
Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the diff... | 950 | Albedo | 3 |
39 | # Albedo
## Examples of terrestrial albedo effects {#examples_of_terrestrial_albedo_effects}
### Aerosol effects {#aerosol_effects}
Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth\'s radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet;... | 143 | Albedo | 4 |
39 | # Albedo
## Astronomical albedo {#astronomical_albedo}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|The moon Titan is darker than Saturn even though they receive the same amount of sunlight. This is due to a difference in albedo (0.22 versus 0.499 in geometric albedo).In astronomy, the term **albedo** can be defined in several different ways... | 520 | Albedo | 5 |
39 | # Albedo
## Astronomical albedo {#astronomical_albedo}
### Radar albedo {#radar_albedo}
In planetary radar astronomy, a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target (e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc.) and the echo from the target is measured. In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polar... | 434 | Albedo | 6 |
290 | # A
A-sharp}} `{{CS1 config|mode=}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox grapheme
| letter = A a
| script = [[Latin script]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| typedesc = ic
| language = [[Latin language]]
| phonemes = {{flex list|width=2em|[{{IPAlink|a}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɑ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɒ}}]|[{{... | 415 | A | 0 |
290 | # A
## History
The earliest known ancestor of A is *aleph*---the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet---where it represented a glottal stop `{{IPA|[ʔ]}}`{=mediawiki}, as Phoenician only used consonantal letters. In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script influen... | 702 | A | 1 |
290 | # A
## Use in writing systems {#use_in_writing_systems}
Orthography Phonemes
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(pinyin)
English ... | 520 | A | 2 |
290 | # A
## Other uses {#other_uses}
- When using base-16 notation, A or a is the conventional numeral corresponding to the number 10.
- In algebra, the letter *a* along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. ... | 719 | A | 3 |
309 | # An American in Paris
***An American in Paris*** is a jazz-influenced symphonic poem (or tone poem) for orchestra by American composer George Gershwin first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital during the **\[\[Années fo... | 476 | An American in Paris | 0 |
309 | # An American in Paris
## Composition
{{-}} Gershwin based *An American in Paris* on a melodic fragment called \"Very Parisienne\", written in 1926 on his first visit to Paris as a gift to his hosts, Robert and Mabel Schirmer. Gershwin called it \"a rhapsodic ballet\"; it is written freely and in a much more modern i... | 391 | An American in Paris | 1 |
309 | # An American in Paris
## Instrumentation
*An American in Paris* was originally scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet in B-flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block,... | 574 | An American in Paris | 2 |
309 | # An American in Paris
## Recordings
*An American in Paris* has been frequently recorded. The first recording was made for the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1929 with Nathaniel Shilkret conducting the Victor Symphony Orchestra, drawn from members of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Gershwin was on hand to \"supervise\... | 327 | An American in Paris | 3 |
309 | # An American in Paris
## Use in film {#use_in_film}
In 1951, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film *An American in Paris*, featuring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron and directed by Vincente Minnelli. Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar and numerous other awards, the film featured many tunes of Gershwin and concl... | 88 | An American in Paris | 4 |
330 | # Actrius
***Actresses*** (Catalan: ***Actrius***) is a 1997 Catalan language Spanish drama film produced and directed by Ventura Pons and based on the award-winning stage play *E.R.* by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females. The film was produced in 1996.
## Synops... | 314 | Actrius | 0 |
332 | # Animalia (book)
***Animalia*** is an illustrated children\'s book by Graeme Base. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also... | 387 | Animalia (book) | 0 |
334 | # International Atomic Time
**International Atomic Time** (abbreviated **TAI**, from its French name ***temps atomique international***) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth\'s geoid. TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 450 atomic cloc... | 605 | International Atomic Time | 0 |
334 | # International Atomic Time
## History
Early atomic time scales consisted of quartz clocks with frequencies calibrated by a single atomic clock; the atomic clocks were not operated continuously. Atomic timekeeping services started experimentally in 1955, using the first caesium atomic clock at the National Physical L... | 466 | International Atomic Time | 1 |
334 | # International Atomic Time
## Relation to UTC {#relation_to_utc}
Contrary to TAI, UTC is a discontinuous time scale. It is occasionally adjusted by leap seconds. Between these adjustments, it is composed of segments that are mapped to atomic time by a constant offset. From its beginning in 1961 through December 1971... | 142 | International Atomic Time | 2 |
340 | # Alain Connes
**Alain Connes** (`{{IPA|fr|alɛ̃ kɔn|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; born 1 April 1947) is a French mathematician, known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras and noncommutative geometry. He was a professor at the *italic=no*, *italic=no*, Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University. He was a... | 618 | Alain Connes | 0 |
340 | # Alain Connes
## Books
- Alain Connes and Matilde Marcolli, *Noncommutative Geometry, Quantum Fields and Motives*, Colloquium Publications, American Mathematical Society, 2007, `{{ISBN|978-0-8218-4210-2}}`{=mediawiki} [1](http://www.alainconnes.org/docs/bookwebfinal.pdf)
- Alain Connes, André Lichnerowicz, and M... | 61 | Alain Connes | 1 |
640 | # Appellate procedure in the United States
**United States appellate procedure** involves the rules and regulations for filing appeals in state courts and federal courts. The nature of an appeal can vary greatly depending on the type of case and the rules of the court in the jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted.... | 533 | Appellate procedure in the United States | 0 |
640 | # Appellate procedure in the United States
## Ability to appeal {#ability_to_appeal}
An appeal \"as of right\" is one that is guaranteed by statute or some underlying constitutional or legal principle. The appellate court cannot refuse to listen to the appeal. An appeal \"by leave\" or \"permission\" requires the app... | 344 | Appellate procedure in the United States | 1 |
640 | # Appellate procedure in the United States
## Direct or collateral: Appealing criminal convictions {#direct_or_collateral_appealing_criminal_convictions}
Many jurisdictions recognize two types of appeals, particularly in the criminal context. The first is the traditional \"direct\" appeal in which the appellant files... | 1,078 | Appellate procedure in the United States | 2 |
640 | # Appellate procedure in the United States
## Appellate procedure {#appellate_procedure}
Generally speaking the appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether that decision was legally sound or not. The appellate court will typ... | 1,229 | Appellate procedure in the United States | 3 |
640 | # Appellate procedure in the United States
## Appellate procedure {#appellate_procedure}
In some cases, an appellant may successfully argue that the law under which the lower decision was rendered was unconstitutional or otherwise invalid, or may convince the higher court to order a new trial on the basis that eviden... | 472 | Appellate procedure in the United States | 4 |
642 | # Answer (law)
In law, an **answer** was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem.
In the common law, an **answer** is the first pleading by a defendant,... | 268 | Answer (law) | 0 |
659 | # American National Standards Institute
ASA film speed\|other uses\|ANSI (disambiguation)}} `{{Distinguish|ASCII}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Update|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox organization
| name = American National Standards Institute
| image ... | 438 | American National Standards Institute | 0 |
659 | # American National Standards Institute
## History
ANSI was most likely formed in 1918, when five engineering societies and three government agencies founded the **American Engineering Standards Committee** (**AESC**). In 1928, the AESC became the **American Standards Association** (**ASA**).
In 1966, the ASA was re... | 558 | American National Standards Institute | 1 |
659 | # American National Standards Institute
## International activities {#international_activities}
In addition to facilitating the formation of standards in the United States, ANSI promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally, advocates U.S. policy and technical positions in international and regional standards or... | 692 | American National Standards Institute | 2 |
666 | # Alkali metal
+----------------------------------+
| ↓ Period |
+==================================+
| 2 |
+----------------------------------+
| 3 |
+----------------------------------+
| 4 |
+-------... | 745 | Alkali metal | 0 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## History
Sodium compounds have been known since ancient times; salt (sodium chloride) has been an important commodity in human activities. While potash has been used since ancient times, it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts.... | 1,206 | Alkali metal | 1 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Occurrence
### In the Solar System {#in_the_solar_system}
thumb\|upright=2.5\|Estimated abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium, and boron) are rare because they are poorly synthesis... | 920 | Alkali metal | 2 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Properties
### Physical and chemical {#physical_and_chemical}
The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns^1^ valence electron configuration, which results in weak metallic bonding. Hence, all the alkali metals are soft and have low densit... | 1,181 | Alkali metal | 3 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Properties
### Physical and chemical {#physical_and_chemical}
All the alkali metals are highly reactive and are never found in elemental forms in nature. Because of this, they are usually stored in mineral oil or kerosene (paraffin oil). They react aggressively with the halogens to form the alkali m... | 930 | Alkali metal | 4 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Properties
### Physical and chemical {#physical_and_chemical}
#### Francium
Francium is also predicted to show some differences due to its high atomic weight, causing its electrons to travel at considerable fractions of the speed of light and thus making relativistic effects more prominent. In contr... | 252 | Alkali metal | 5 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Properties
### Nuclear
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------... | 734 | Alkali metal | 6 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Periodic trends {#periodic_trends}
The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other. For instance, when moving down the table, all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius, decreasing electronegativity, increasing reactivity, and decrea... | 997 | Alkali metal | 7 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Periodic trends {#periodic_trends}
### Melting and boiling points {#melting_and_boiling_points}
The melting point of a substance is the point where it changes state from solid to liquid while the boiling point of a substance (in liquid state) is the point where the vapour pressure of the liquid equa... | 430 | Alkali metal | 8 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Compounds
The alkali metals form complete series of compounds with all usually encountered anions, which well illustrate group trends. These compounds can be described as involving the alkali metals losing electrons to acceptor species and forming monopositive ions. This description is most accurate... | 913 | Alkali metal | 9 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Compounds
### Compounds with the group 14 elements {#compounds_with_the_group_14_elements}
Lithium and sodium react with carbon to form acetylides, Li~2~C~2~ and Na~2~C~2~, which can also be obtained by reaction of the metal with acetylene. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium react with graphite; their... | 386 | Alkali metal | 10 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Compounds
### Nitrides and pnictides {#nitrides_and_pnictides}
Lithium, the lightest of the alkali metals, is the only alkali metal which reacts with nitrogen at standard conditions, and its nitride is the only stable alkali metal nitride. Nitrogen is an unreactive gas because breaking the strong tr... | 521 | Alkali metal | 11 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Compounds
### Oxides and chalcogenides {#oxides_and_chalcogenides}
All the alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen at standard conditions. They form various types of oxides, such as simple oxides (containing the O^2−^ ion), peroxides (containing the `{{chem2|O2(2-)}}`{=mediawiki} ion, where there... | 1,027 | Alkali metal | 12 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Compounds
### Coordination complexes {#coordination_complexes}
Alkali metal cations do not usually form coordination complexes with simple Lewis bases due to their low charge of just +1 and their relatively large size; thus the Li^+^ ion forms most complexes and the heavier alkali metal ions form le... | 424 | Alkali metal | 13 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Compounds
### Organometallic
#### Organolithium
thumb\|upright=1.15\|Structure of the octahedral *n*-butyllithium hexamer, (C~4~H~9~Li)~6~. The aggregates are held together by delocalised covalent bonds between lithium and the terminal carbon of the butyl chain. There is no direct lithium--lithium ... | 837 | Alkali metal | 14 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Representative reactions of alkali metals {#representative_reactions_of_alkali_metals}
### Reaction with oxygen {#reaction_with_oxygen}
Upon reacting with oxygen, alkali metals form oxides, peroxides, superoxides and suboxides. However, the first three are more common. The table below shows the typ... | 589 | Alkali metal | 15 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Extensions
thumb\|upright=1.12\|Empirical (Na--Cs, Mg--Ra) and predicted (Fr--Uhp, Ubn--Uhh) atomic radius of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in angstroms Although francium is the heaviest alkali metal that has been discovered, there has been some th... | 876 | Alkali metal | 16 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Pseudo-alkali metals {#pseudo_alkali_metals}
Many other substances are similar to the alkali metals in their tendency to form monopositive cations. Analogously to the pseudohalogens, they have sometimes been called \"pseudo-alkali metals\". These substances include some elements and many more polyat... | 1,010 | Alkali metal | 17 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Pseudo-alkali metals {#pseudo_alkali_metals}
### Cobaltocene and derivatives {#cobaltocene_and_derivatives}
Cobaltocene, Co(C~5~H~5~)~2~, is a metallocene, the cobalt analogue of ferrocene. It is a dark purple solid. Cobaltocene has 19 valence electrons, one more than usually found in organotransiti... | 471 | Alkali metal | 18 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Pseudo-alkali metals {#pseudo_alkali_metals}
### Copper, silver, and gold {#copper_silver_and_gold}
The group 11 metals (or coinage metals), copper, silver, and gold, are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d-shells. Physically, they have the relativel... | 575 | Alkali metal | 19 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Production and isolation {#production_and_isolation}
The production of pure alkali metals is somewhat complicated due to their extreme reactivity with commonly used substances, such as water. From their silicate ores, all the stable alkali metals may be obtained the same way: sulfuric acid is first ... | 970 | Alkali metal | 20 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Applications
Lithium, sodium, and potassium have many useful applications, while rubidium and caesium are very notable in academic contexts but do not have many applications yet. Lithium is the key ingredient for a range of lithium-based batteries, and lithium oxide can help process silica. Lithium ... | 479 | Alkali metal | 21 |
666 | # Alkali metal
## Biological role and precautions {#biological_role_and_precautions}
### Metals
Pure alkali metals are dangerously reactive with air and water and must be kept away from heat, fire, oxidising agents, acids, most organic compounds, halocarbons, plastics, and moisture. They also react with carbon dioxi... | 1,055 | Alkali metal | 22 |
673 | # Atomic number
The **atomic number** or **nuclear charge number** (symbol ***Z***) of a chemical element is the charge number of its atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the **proton number** (***n*~p~**) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of ... | 544 | Atomic number | 0 |
673 | # Atomic number
## History
In the 19th century, the term \"atomic number\" typically meant the number of atoms in a given volume. Modern chemists prefer to use the concept of molar concentration.
In 1913, Antonius van den Broek proposed that the electric charge of an atomic nucleus, expressed as a multiplier of the ... | 861 | Atomic number | 1 |
673 | # Atomic number
## History
### The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons {#the_proton_and_the_idea_of_nuclear_electrons}
In 1915, the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of *Z*, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood. An old idea called Prout\'s hypothesis... | 396 | Atomic number | 2 |
673 | # Atomic number
## Chemical properties {#chemical_properties}
Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is *Z* (the atomic number). The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The num... | 246 | Atomic number | 3 |
674 | # Anatomy
*Volume 5: Anatomic*}} `{{for-multi|the anatomy of plants|Plant anatomy|other uses}}`{=mediawiki} `{{good article}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2016}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TopicTOC-Biology}}`{=mediawiki} **Anatomy** (`{{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-l... | 311 | Anatomy | 0 |
674 | # Anatomy
## Etymology and definition {#etymology_and_definition}
Derived from the Greek *ἀνατομή* *anatomē* \"dissection\" (from *ἀνατέμνω* *anatémnō* \"I cut up, cut open\" from ἀνά *aná* \"up\", and τέμνω *témnō* \"I cut\"), anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, org... | 425 | Anatomy | 1 |
674 | # Anatomy
## Animal tissues {#animal_tissues}
The kingdom Animalia contains multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic and motile (although some have secondarily adopted a sessile lifestyle). Most animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues and these animals are also known as eumetazoans. They have a... | 936 | Anatomy | 2 |
674 | # Anatomy
## Vertebrate anatomy {#vertebrate_anatomy}
All vertebrates have a similar basic body plan and at some point in their lives, mostly in the embryonic stage, share the major chordate characteristics: a stiffening rod, the notochord; a dorsal hollow tube of nervous material, the neural tube; pharyngeal arches;... | 943 | Anatomy | 3 |
674 | # Anatomy
## Vertebrate anatomy {#vertebrate_anatomy}
### Reptile anatomy {#reptile_anatomy}
Reptiles are a class of animals comprising turtles, tuataras, lizards, snakes and crocodiles. They are tetrapods, but the snakes and a few species of lizard either have no limbs or their limbs are much reduced in size. Their ... | 712 | Anatomy | 4 |
674 | # Anatomy
## Vertebrate anatomy {#vertebrate_anatomy}
### Bird anatomy {#bird_anatomy}
Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight. Birds are endothermic, have a high metabolic rate, a light skeletal system a... | 731 | Anatomy | 5 |
674 | # Anatomy
## Invertebrate anatomy {#invertebrate_anatomy}
Invertebrates constitute a vast array of living organisms ranging from the simplest unicellular eukaryotes such as *Paramecium* to such complex multicellular animals as the octopus, lobster and dragonfly. They constitute about 95% of the animal species. By def... | 709 | Anatomy | 6 |
674 | # Anatomy
## History
### Ancient
thumb\|upright=1.05\|Image of early rendition of anatomy findings
In 1600 BCE, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian medical text, described the heart and its vessels, as well as the brain and its meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, and the liver, spleen, kidneys, uterus and bl... | 1,061 | Anatomy | 7 |
674 | # Anatomy
## History
### Late modern {#late_modern}
Medical schools began to be set up in the United States towards the end of the 18th century. Classes in anatomy needed a continual stream of cadavers for dissection, and these were difficult to obtain. Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York were all renowned for body... | 623 | Anatomy | 8 |
675 | # Affirming the consequent
In propositional logic, **affirming the consequent** (also known as **converse error**, **fallacy of the converse**, or **confusion of necessity and sufficiency**) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument) that is committed when, in the context of an indicative conditional stateme... | 459 | Affirming the consequent | 0 |
675 | # Affirming the consequent
## Additional examples {#additional_examples}
**Example 1**
One way to demonstrate the invalidity of this argument form is with a counterexample with true premises but an obviously false conclusion. For example:
: If someone lives in San Diego, then they live in California.
: Joe live... | 369 | Affirming the consequent | 1 |
705 | # Politics of Angola
The current political regime in Angola is presidentialism, in which the President of the Republic is also head of state and government; it is advised by a Council of Ministers, which together with the President form the national executive power. Legislative power rests with the 220 parliamentarian... | 775 | Politics of Angola | 0 |
705 | # Politics of Angola
## Executive branch {#executive_branch}
The 2010 constitution grants the President almost absolute power. Elections for the National assembly are to take place every five years, and the President is automatically the leader of the winning party or coalition. It is for the President to appoint (an... | 288 | Politics of Angola | 1 |
705 | # Politics of Angola
## Legislative branch {#legislative_branch}
The National Assembly (*Assembleia Nacional*) has 223 members, elected for a four-year term, 130 members by proportional representation, 90 members in provincial districts, and 3 members to represent Angolans abroad. The general elections in 1997 were r... | 166 | Politics of Angola | 2 |
708 | # Transport in Angola
**Transport in Angola** comprises:
## Roads
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Angola:
- the Tripoli-Cape Town Highway
- the Beira-Lobito Highway
Map of Trans-African Highways.PNG\|Map of Trans-African Highways.
Walking home.jpg\|Walking home on EN 105. Tired are they.jpg\|... | 271 | Transport in Angola | 0 |
709 | # Angolan Armed Forces
The **Angolan Armed Forces** (*Forças Armadas Angolanas*) or **FAA** is the military of Angola. The FAA consist of the Angolan Army (*Exército Angolano*), the Angolan Navy (*Marinha de Guerra Angolana*) and the National Air Force of Angola (*Força Aérea Nacional de Angola*). Reported total manpo... | 282 | Angolan Armed Forces | 0 |
709 | # Angolan Armed Forces
## Branches
### Army
The Army (*Exército*) is the land component of the FAA. It is organized in six military regions (Cabinda, Luanda, North, Center, East and South), with an infantry division being based in each one. Distributed by the six military regions / infantry divisions, there are 25 m... | 682 | Angolan Armed Forces | 1 |
709 | # Angolan Armed Forces
## Specialized units {#specialized_units}
### Special forces {#special_forces}
The FAA include several types of special forces, namely the Commandos, the Special Operations and the Marines. The Angolan special forces follow the general model of the analogous Portuguese special forces, receivin... | 320 | Angolan Armed Forces | 2 |
709 | # Angolan Armed Forces
## Training establishments {#training_establishments}
### Armed Forces Academy {#armed_forces_academy}
The Military Academy (*Academia Militar do Exército, AMEx*) is a military university public higher education establishment whose mission is to train officers of the Permanent Staff of the Arm... | 401 | Angolan Armed Forces | 3 |
709 | # Angolan Armed Forces
## Foreign deployments {#foreign_deployments}
The FAPLA\'s main counterinsurgency effort was directed against UNITA in the southeast, and its conventional capabilities were demonstrated principally in the undeclared South African Border War. The FAPLA first performed its external assistance mis... | 277 | Angolan Armed Forces | 4 |
710 | # Foreign relations of Angola
The **foreign relations of Angola** are based on Angola\'s strong support of U.S. foreign policy as the Angolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid. From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union, Libya, and Cuba. Since then, it has focuse... | 456 | Foreign relations of Angola | 0 |
710 | # Foreign relations of Angola
## Bilateral relations {#bilateral_relations}
### Africa
+---------+------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 619 | Foreign relations of Angola | 1 |
710 | # Foreign relations of Angola
## Bilateral relations {#bilateral_relations}
### Americas
+---------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 634 | Foreign relations of Angola | 2 |
710 | # Foreign relations of Angola
## Bilateral relations {#bilateral_relations}
### Asia
+---------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 689 | Foreign relations of Angola | 3 |
710 | # Foreign relations of Angola
## Bilateral relations {#bilateral_relations}
### Europe
+---------+------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 664 | Foreign relations of Angola | 4 |
713 | # Android (robot)
`{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} An **android** is a humanoid robot or other artificial being, often made from a flesh-like material. Historically, androids existed only in the domain of science fiction and were frequently seen in film and television, but advances in robot technology ha... | 630 | Android (robot) | 0 |
713 | # Android (robot)
## Projects
Several projects aiming to create androids that look, and, to a certain degree, speak or act like a human being have been launched or are underway.
### Japan
Japanese robotics have been leading the field since the 1970s. Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 197... | 836 | Android (robot) | 1 |
713 | # Android (robot)
## Projects
### South Korea {#south_korea}
KITECH researched and developed EveR-1, an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial \"musculature\" and capable of rudimentary conversation, having a vocabulary of around 400 words. She is `{{nowr... | 745 | Android (robot) | 2 |
713 | # Android (robot)
## Use in fiction {#use_in_fiction}
Androids are a staple of science fiction. Isaac Asimov pioneered the fictionalization of the science of robotics and artificial intelligence, notably in his 1950s series *I, Robot*. One thing common to most fictional androids is that the real-life technological ch... | 476 | Android (robot) | 3 |
728 | # List of anthropologists
| 4 | List of anthropologists | 0 |
742 | # Algorithms (journal)
***Algorithms*** is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of mathematics, covering design, analysis, and experiments on algorithms. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2008. The founding editor-in-chief was Kazuo Iwama (Kyoto University). From May 2014 to Sep... | 192 | Algorithms (journal) | 0 |
764 | # Agnostida
**Agnostida** are an order of extinct arthropods which have classically been seen as a group of highly modified trilobites, though some recent research has doubted this placement. Regardless, they appear to be close relatives as part of the Artiopoda. They are present in the Lower Cambrian fossil record al... | 553 | Agnostida | 0 |
766 | # Abstract (law)
In law, an **abstract** is a brief statement that contains the most important points of a long legal document or of several related legal papers.
## Types of legislation {#types_of_legislation}
The abstract of title, used in real estate transactions, is the more common form of abstract. An abstract ... | 176 | Abstract (law) | 0 |
779 | # Anthophyta
The **anthophytes** are a paraphyletic grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. The group, once thought to be a clade, contained the angiosperms -- the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses -- as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.
Detailed morpholo... | 143 | Anthophyta | 0 |
787 | # Alismatales
The **Alismatales** (**alismatids**) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats. Perhaps the most important food crop in the order is the taro plant, *Colocasia esculenta*.... | 644 | Alismatales | 0 |
788 | # Apiales
The **Apiales** are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. Well-known members of Apiales include carrots, celery, coriander, parsley, parsnips, poison hemlock, ginseng, ivies, and pittosporums.
Apiales consist of nine families, with the type family being the celery, car... | 417 | Apiales | 0 |
789 | # Asterales
**Asterales** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|s|t|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|l|iː|z|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Asterales.wav}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|ASS|tər|RAY|leez}}`{=mediawiki}) is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large family Asteraceae (or Compositae) known for compos... | 430 | Asterales | 0 |
789 | # Asterales
## Taxonomy
### Phylogeny
Although most extant species of Asteraceae are herbaceous, the examination of the basal members in the family suggests that the common ancestor of the family was an arborescent plant, a tree or shrub, perhaps adapted to dry conditions, radiating from South America. Less can be sa... | 363 | Asterales | 1 |
789 | # Asterales
## Uses
The Asterales, by dint of being a super-set of the family Asteraceae, include some species grown for food, including the sunflower (*Helianthus annuus*), lettuce (*Lactuca sativa*) and chicory (*Cichorium*). Many are also used as spices and traditional medicines.
Asterales are common plants and h... | 96 | Asterales | 2 |
794 | # Allocution
An **allocution**, or **allocutus**, is a formal statement made to a court by the defendant who has been found guilty before being sentenced. It is part of the criminal procedure in some jurisdictions using common law.
## Concept
An allocution allows the defendant to explain why the sentence should be l... | 413 | Allocution | 0 |
795 | # Affidavit
An ***italic=no*** (`{{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-affidavit.wav|ˌ|æ|f|ɪ|ˈ|d|eɪ|v|ɪ|t}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|AF|ih|DAY|vit}}`{=mediawiki}; Medieval Latin for \"he has declared under oath\") is a written statement voluntarily made by an *affiant* or *deponent* under an oath or affirmation whic... | 274 | Affidavit | 0 |
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